Flexitarianism vs.
Vegetarianism
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This fall, the
Baltimore school system introduced a new tradition, "Meatless Mondays." One day a
week, their school lunch program features an all-vegetarian menu.
This is a great example of flexitarianism - an incremental approach
to introducing more plant-based meals into our diets.
A few definitions may help to sort out all of
the terms that swirl about plant-based eating choices:
Flexitarian - A
flexitarian is a "part-time" or "semi-vegetarian" with a greater
dependence on eating vegetables while occasionally eating meat.
About 30-40% of the population describes themselves as interested in
reducing their dependence on meat. With flexitarianism, there is no
strict definition about how much meat should be eaten, just less --
it's flexible! Vegetarian - A
vegetarian is someone who does not eat animal meat. For most
vegetarians, this includes eliminating fowl, fish, and red meats.
For other vegetarians, they may eat fish, but not fowl or meat.
Vegetarians usually eat dairy foods, eggs, or honey, as long as the
animal is not killed in the process of producing the food. Strict
vegetarians comprise about 6% of the population. Vegan - A vegan
is a vegetarian that does not eat any animal product including
dairy, eggs, honey, or any foods derived from animals. Raw food
movement - This food trend promotes unprocessed and uncooked
foods. Foods are not cooked, nor heated above 104°F. The most common
form of raw foodism is raw veganism, though there are raw food
followers that include raw meat, unpasteurized milk, and eggs.
Participants in the raw food movement believe that cooked foods lose
much of their nutritional value and that the process of cooking may
introduce harmful byproducts.
Why do people become flexitarians or
vegetarians? The reasons for becoming a flexitarian or a
vegetarian are varied and usually involve a combination of
motives:
Health reasons
- Reduced heart disease and weight control are two prominent health
benefits of a vegetarian diet. A more plant-based diet has less
saturated fat than meat-based diets. Generally, plant-based diets
are naturally lower in calories and can create a greater sense of
fullness based on more fiber and volume. Ecological
efficiency - Greater amounts of resource go into making meat
compared to plant foods. About 70% of the domestic grain crop goes
to feeding livestock. Per calorie, meat takes approximately ten
times the amount of land and water resource than grain and plants
used directly for food. Religious
traditions - Different religious traditions prescribe food
choices based on a variety of reasons - some on safety concerns,
others as a sense of asceticism and discipline. Reduced carbon
footprint - Some choose less meat based on the notion that
livestock feeding operations are associated with increased methane
emissions, a powerful greenhouse gas. Animal-friendly
- Others choose a vegetarian regimen to avoid the inhumane treatment
of animals. Localvores -
Individuals that choose to eat locally, that is, within a certain
mile radius of their home, often find themselves including more
plant-based foods in their diet and less meat by virtue of its
availability.
Choosing
Complete Proteins - The body requires twenty different amino
acids to form proteins that comprise new cells, enzymes, body tissue
and promote overall health. The body can manufacture twelve of these
building blocks, but must be fed the other eight. These eight amino
acids are known as the essential amino acids. With a couple of
exceptions, (soy and quinoa), individual plants do not possess all
eight amino acids as animal products do. However, by combining
different plant foods, the necessary array of amino acids is
achieved and the body is adequately nourished. The key is to eat a
variety of plant foods and combine complementary sources. For example, the amino acid profile in beans
and grains complement each other, dairy complements grains, and
beans complement nuts and seeds. It is not necessary to eat
complementary foods at each meal, but rather, recent research
reveals that a variety of complementary foods over a twenty-four
period is just as effective.
Mainstream Meatlessness - A
vegetarian meal is no longer weird or exceptional - it's gone
mainstream. In fact, your family or guests may not even notice the
lack of meat at the table. Whatever your interest level or motive
for being more of a flexitarian, becoming comfortable planning and
cooking a vegetarian meal is easy!
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Cooking
Grains
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Grains are a
staple of any diet and possess great nutritional value and
efficiency. As you explore flexitarian eating choices and healthy
foods, grains deserve a central role in your cooking repertoire. Not
only do they complement legumes and dairy products for a complete
protein, they provide essential vitamins and minerals in abundance.
If you're concerned about the carbohydrates in grains, know that
whole grains are complex carbohydrates and full of important dietary
fiber; keep the grains, ditch the sugar if you're worried about
carbs.
Get
Comfortable with Cooking Grains - Grains come in all forms,
whole, cracked, parboiled, and re-formed. The less processed the
grain, the greater the nutritional value. Kernels should be cooked
just until tender, and have a fluffy character, without stickiness.
To achieve this result, care must be taken with (1) the ratio of
water to grain, and (2) achieving a low, even cooking temperature.
Prepping Grains for Cooking - For whole grains and those
purchased in bulk, rinse the grain in a colander prior to cooking.
This removes any dust and helps to expose any foreign
particles.
Low, Even
Cooking Temperature - The key to perfectly cooked grain is a
good cooking pot and very low simmering temperatures. A good cooking
pot starts with a heavy-bottom, sturdy conductive walls, an
ergonomic handle, and a well-fitting lid. The heavy-bottom will
conduct heat evenly across the contact surface and up the
walls. A tight lid will keep the steam inside the pot doing
its work on the grain. We carry several quality lines of cookware.
When you come by the shop, we'll acquaint you with the key factors
to consider when buying good cookware.
Testing for
Doneness - Beyond these general starting points, cooking will
vary depending on the size of the grain pieces, the cooking pot, and
actual temperatures. Time the cooking so that the grain is checked
only as it nears its finish. (Too much checking will release too
much steam). With a utensil, check the bottom of the pan to
assess if any grain is sticking. Test for doneness by tasting a few
grains from the top. Ideally, the cooking water should be absorbed
just as the grain reaches the right tenderness. If the grain is
cooked, but water remains, drain the grain in a colander, return to
the pan and let it sit 5-10 more minutes with the lid on to allow
any residual moisture to be absorbed. If the water is gone, but the
grain still not tender, add more water in small increments.
Rice Cookers - Rice cooking
appliances may be used to cook all types of grains. Rice cookers
eliminate the need for a watchful cook. The cooker quickly heats the
water and grain, reduces the power to the perfect simmer, then
automatically turns off power or shifts to a warming mode just as
the liquid is absorbed and the grains become tender.
Grains in a Slow Cooker - Grains
may be cooked in a slow cooker by using the same quantities of grain
and liquid noted above and allowing 6-8 hours of undisturbed
cooking.
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Cooking
Beans
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Beans are a great source of nutrition and a
good cornerstone for a flexitarian diet. Starting with dried beans
offers nutritional and economic value, and they taste infinitely
better than their canned counterparts. Learning a few key techniques
will get you comfortable with using dried beans and reaping all of
their advantages.
Soaking
Beans - Soaking dried beans begins the softening process and
allows the beans to cook more evenly on the stovetop. (If you use a
pressure cooker to cook beans, no soaking is necessary). Beans will
triple in size as they rehydrate, so choose a soaking pot that will
accommodate this amount of swelling; use a general ratio of 1 cup
dry beans to 5 cups water. First, rinse your dried beans in a
colander and look them over to discard any foreign particles and any
discolored or shriveled beans. Soak the beans in one of two
ways:
- Hot
Soaking - Heat 10 cups of water to boiling, add two cups (1
pound) of dried beans and boil for 2 to 3 minutes. Remove
from the heat source, cover, and let set for one to four
hours.
- Overnight
Soaking - Using no heat, place two cups of dried beans in
10 cups of cold water. Allow the beans to set overnight or
for at least 8 hours.
Boiling the Beans - Drain the
soaking water from the beans and rinse. Add fresh, unsalted water to
cover the beans and bring to a boil over high heat for a few
minutes. Reduce the heat to medium and cook at a full simmer until
beans are tender to the bite. Different beans will vary in the time
required for boiling according to their shape, "thickness," and age.
Older beans will take longer to cook. Beans are done when the
outside skin is still intact, but the bean smashes easily when squished with a
fork.
Pressure Cooking
Beans - Alternatively, cook beans in a pressure cooker. It
turns them into "fast food" allowing beans to be part of everyday
menus as opposed to some periodic, heroic effort. With pressure
cooking, no soaking is required.
Beans in a Slow Cooker - Experts
recommend cooking soaked beans in a slow cooker on a high setting
for 2-3 hours taking care that they remain immersed in liquid as
they swell and absorb the moisture. After this period, turn the
beans to a low setting and allow them to cook for 6 to 8 hours. Slow
cookers are great for preparing all kinds of bean
dishes.
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Smart Flexitarian
Tips
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Tip #1: Cook double (or
triple) batches of grains whenever cooking. Cooked grains will
refrigerate and freeze well if stored with minimal air exposure. We
find a plastic zipper bag with the air squeezed out keeps the grain
from drying out. Freeze cooked grain in logical quantities; defrost
in a microwave or steamer with the addition of a small amount of
water.
Tip #2:
Keep cans or boxes of purchased vegetable stock in the pantry for
cooking grains. Grains cooked in stock have a fantastic taste. In
most cases, the salt present in the stock is enough for the grain.
If stock is used, omit adding any additional salt.
Tip #3: Mash cooked beans
with a pastry cutter instead of a potato masher; this helps to cut
the outer skin surrounding the bean. Mashed beans can be turned into
a quick sandwich spread with a few spices and herbs.
Tip
#4: Salt toughens the outer skin of beans making them
less permeable to water, and lengthening the time it takes to cook.
Add salt to beans only after they are cooked to the desired
tenderness.
Tip
#5: Refrigerate cooked beans in their liquid for up to
5 days. The liquid will help prevent the beans from drying out.
Cooked beans may be frozen for 2 to 3 months and can be easily
reheated. Boil up a big batch of beans and package them in
convenient sizes for later
use.
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Q & A's |
Q: What is tofu?
A: Tofu is a
coagulated form of soy milk. What cheese is to milk, tofu is to soy
milk. Tofu is white in color and bland in flavor. It is
nutritionally dense with a high protein, iron, and calcium content.
Like cheese, based on the amount of moisture drained from the tofu,
it can vary in texture and firmness. Tofu, while often unfamiliar to
a lot of us, is worth exploring. As a soy product, tofu provides a
complete protein source.
Q: What is quinoa? A: Quinoa, (pronounced
"keen'-wah," or "keen'-oh-ah"), is actually related to beets and
spinach, and not a true grass like other grains. It is gluten-free,
easily digestible, possesses a complete protein complement and is
quick cooking. Quinoa is naturally covered with a coating of bitter
saponin. This bitterness keeps it from being eaten by birds while in
the field. To remove the saponin, simply soak quinoa for a few
minutes and rinse prior to cooking. Much of the commercially
available quinoa comes pre-rinsed with the saponin already
removed.
Q: If I eat as
a vegetarian, will I lose weight? A: Maybe yes, maybe no. Many
individuals adopt a plant-based diet with the hopes of losing
weight. A gram of plant-based food has less caloric density than a
gram of meat; it takes more volume of plant foods to reach the same
caloric value of meat-based foods. The additional volume and fiber
in plant food may help to satisfy appetites. Still, losing weight
comes down to calories in versus calories expended. It's possible to
gain or lose weight with any diet regimen.
Q: What are some of the more common forms
of vegetarianism? A: Different individuals
practice variations of vegetarian diets. Some of the more common
adaptations include:
Lacto-vegetarian
- Uses dairy products, but not eggs. Ovo-vegetarian
- Uses eggs, but not dairy products. Lacto-ovo
vegetarian - Uses both dairy and eggs. Pescetarian -
Includes fish, but no other meats. Pollotarian -
Includes poultry, eggs and dairy, but not fish or other
meats. Polpescetarian
- Includes both fish and fowl, but no red meat. Many individuals
find this regimen helpful for reducing the intake of saturated fat
prevalent in red
meats.
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Cookbook
Review
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How to Cook
Everything Vegetarian, Simple Meatless Recipes for Great Food
by Mark Bittman. Illustrations by Alan Witschonke. Copyright 2007.
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.
An IACP Cookbook
Award Winner
Mark Bittman never tackles a
subject without being thorough. We thought a previous title of his,
"How to Cook Everything,"
pretty much covered everything, but Mark has created yet another
encyclopedic book covering, as promised, just about everything
vegetarian in its 996 pages. While the hefty book may be initially
intimidating, inside the subject matter is easily digestible and
presented accessibly. Mr. Bittman takes an apolitical approach
to the topic of vegetarianism, but exudes an energy around the vast
possibilities available in a vegetarian or flexitarian kitchen. The
cookbook begins with an enabling introduction for approaching
vegetarian cooking, then delves right into Salads, Soups, Eggs,
Dairy and Cheese, followed by Produce, Pasta, Grains, and Legumes.
He finishes with chapters on Breads of all kind, Sauces and
Condiments, and wraps up with Desserts. True to "Bittman-style,"
each chapter begins with an informative context packed with
technique and basics that the recipes build upon. Generous sidebars
of information offer hints for variations, illustrated techniques,
or tips for achieving success. The book is an endless resource of
information suitable for any vegetarian or
flexitarian!
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Three "Flex"
Recipes
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Recipes excerpted from How to Cook
Everything Vegetarian by Mark Bittman. Published by Wiley
Publishing, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Copyright 2007. Reprinted with
permission of the publisher. All rights
reserved.
Roasted Quinoa
with Potatoes and Cheese
As promised, the cooked and
roasted quinoa created a nutty flavor and coating on the potato
wedges. The inclusion of savory scallions and peppers added just the
right touch of flavor. The dish went together quickly and tasted
fantastic. It made a great main dish and a complete meal with the
addition of a mixed greens salad.
Click here to view the
illustrated recipe.
Click here for a printable
version of the recipe.
Beans and
Green
Simple and satisfying, this "beans and greens"
dish had amazing flavor! We cooked dried chickpeas in a pressure
cooker in no time, and allowed the greens (kale instead of broccoli
raab) to become silky and tender. Cooking dried chickpeas was much
preferable to canned versions. This is a great basic recipe for
experimenting with variations of other beans and other greens.
Click here to view the
illustrated recipe.
Click here for a printable
version of the recipe.
Braised Tofu
and Peas in Curried Coconut Milk
At the risk of
stereotyping vegetarian cooking, we couldn't help but include one
tofu recipe! The Indian-inspired flavors blended together in a great
curried gravy. The tofu soaked up the piquant flavors and along with
a fragrant bed of basmati rice turned the kitchen into an aromatic
heaven.
Click here to view the
illustrated recipe.
Click here for a printable
version of the
recipe.
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